One significant area of research has been the classification and management of cavernous malformations affecting cranial nerves, including the optic pathway. A systematic review identified that ...

Cavernous malformations typically occur in the brain where they are called "cerebral cavernous malformations" (CCM) but can also arise in the spinal cord, covering of the brain (dura), and nerves ...

In the cavernous sinus, blockage of venous outflow causes proptosis and chemosis. Pain is usually present due to involvement of trigeminal nerve. Bilaterality also suggests cavernous sinus ...