Free Electron: Spherically symmetric electric field distribution. Bound Electron (in an atom): Complex wave-like structures. Quantum Wells (e.g., lasers): Electrons behave like traditional waves.

What are X-Ray Free-Electron Lasers? X-ray free-electron lasers (XFELs) are a revolutionary type of X-ray source that produce ultra-short, highly intense pulses of X-rays. Unlike conventional X-ray ...